Abstract: Eight indicators, including urban population, per capita GDP, population birth rate, population mortality rate, school age children enrollment rate, number of primary and secondary schools, number of students in school and number of teachers in primary and secondary schools, are selected and factor analysis method is used to conduct comprehensive evaluation and analysis from three dimensions of comprehensive population quality, physical quality and scientific and cultural quality, so as to accurately grasp the influencing factors of population quality and regional differences of development level in 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province. The results show that the regional differences of population quality in Yunnan Province are obvious. The educational environment and resource conditions, natural population changes and social and economic development level restrict the regional population quality level from improving from different levels. The three aspects are the leading factors of regional differences in population quality. We should attach importance to the development of regional culture and education, realize the balanced allocation of educational resources, and vigorously improve the quality of education; we should speed up the pace of regional economic development and improve people's living standards; we should improve the public health and medical service system, improve medical security, and improve regional medical and health services and maternal and child health care; and, finally, we should strengthen health awareness, strengthen physical exercise, and improve the health status of residents.

Key words: population quality, regional difference, influencing factor, comprehensive evaluation, factor analysis, countermeasure, Yunnan Province