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    Food Studies
    Argument and Practice of China’s “Approach to Sanitary Dining” in the First Half of the 20th Century-Wu Lien-Teh’s Contribution to the Historical Progress of China’s Table Manners
    ZHAO Rongguang
    2020, 35(2):  1-12. 
    Abstract ( 22 )   PDF (644KB) ( 6 )  
    The pneumonic plague, which spread over Northeast China between November, 1910 and April, 1911, exposed the drawbacks of the traditional Chinese eating habits with chopsticks and their consumption of wild animals. Since Wu Lien-Teh advocated the “Approach to Sanitary Dining” in 1915, China had witnesed a social argument on this topic for nearly 30 years. It has become a common sense that the traditional Chinese way of eating together with each one’s only chopsticks is hazardous to hygiene and must be changed. In order to prevent infectious diseases, people got involved in the discussion of reforming the dining habits. The argument focused on three main proposals: 1) serving and eating separately; 2) serving a pair of chopsticks or a spoon on each course; and 3) serving two pairs of chopsticks for each diner. It was found that the two-pair-chopstick method was agreed to by the most people and thus most applied in environments like kindergartens, schools and colleges. In addition, this method was widely practiced in households and at diners. The “Approach to Sanitary Dining” discussions and implementations expanded into a wide range of fields including social public health, infectious disease prevention, table manners, school education, and self-cultivation. However, due to the historical limitations, this social movement was discontinued by the political situation at that time. The SARS in 2002 once again triggered the argument on the same topic. In the end of 2019, the outbreak of coronavirus made the argument even sharper.
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    Wells and Water Drawing and Transporting Methods of the Han and Wei Dynasties- Mainly Based on Frescoes and Tomb Drawings of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the 16-State Periods in Hexi, Gansu Province
    GAO Qi’an
    2020, 35(2):  13-21. 
    Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (2554KB) ( 6 )  
    Among the tomb brick drawings dating back to the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the 16-State period (220-439) several depict wells and drawing water from the wells. In two of them we can see that the wells are located in the courtyard for convenient water drawing. This layout was similar to that of heartland China. In another two, the wells are located outside the courtyard, requiring people to go out to get water. The wells usually have square openings rising above the ground. Above the openings are headframes with pulley tackles. Besides wooden barrels (possibly), vessels used to draw water from the well include wicker baskets or perhaps animal hide bags, which had already come into use by that time. Vessels used to transport water include ribbands and vases, similar to kitchen drawings unearthed in Liaoning and Shandong provinces dating back to the Han dynasties (202 B.C.E – 220 A.D.). To carry water back required two people. The ones bearing water were female cooks. There is still another drawing in which water is carried on the back of a Qiang woman.
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    On the Cross-cultural Writing of Chinese Cuisine- A Review of Shark’s Fin and Sichuan Pepper
    LI Minchen
    2020, 35(2):  22-26. 
    Abstract ( 45 )   PDF (454KB) ( 22 )  
    Fuchsia Dunlop, a British writer, was awarded a grand prize for her actual writing of Chinese cuisine, a great representative being Shark’s Fin and Sichuan Pepper, a result of her journey of culinary research characterized by first-hand analysis of complicatedness, diversity and emotional content of Chinese food. This paper demonstrates the cultural, social and publication significance of the book from three perspectives – writing angle, writing standing and reflections triggered – of Chinese cuisine.
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    Folklore Studies: Studies on Folklore Tradition and Modern Transformation
    An Elementary Study on Festive Characteristic Construction of the Eastward Migration Festival of the Yovhor
    ZHONG Jinwen, Anzhang NORVHANJIS
    2020, 35(2):  27-32. 
    Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (434KB) ( 3 )  
    Initiated by the Yovhor cultural elite, the Eastward Migration Festival is an annual mass activity in some Yovhor areas organized on a non-governmental basis. It is now in its third year. At the moment, the Festival is far from stable and better organization in terms of formation, structure and content of this folk festival is thus necessary to improve its festive structure and functions, sanctification of the sacrifice ceremony in particular. Our goal is to make sure that it becomes an important folk event widely recognized by the Yovhor people.
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    From a Loyal Minister to the God of Wealth- How Bi Gan Came to Symbolize Wealth and the Traditional Business Ethics of China
    REN Zhiqiang
    2020, 35(2):  33-38. 
    Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (769KB) ( 9 )  
    Bi Gan was a famous loyal minister in Chinese history. He was worshipped as the god of wealth because of his fairness and justice. How Bi Gan became the god of wealth has something to do with his image of impartiality in folk tales, the development of ancient commerce, and the change of the status of merchants. The god of wealth (Bi Gan) embodies the traditional business ethics of fairness and justice and represents people’s belief in and demand for moral ideal and responsibility of businessmen. This ethical principle restrains money worship, embodies business ethics and advocates the traditional Chinese view of wealth that “justice restrains profit and justice makes profit”. Therefore, it still has special significance and value in our contemporary economic life.
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    A Survey of the Current Status of Folk Beliefs of the Bai People in Heqing County
    ZHANG Lihua, CHEN Yongxiang
    2020, 35(2):  39-46. 
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (565KB) ( 42 )  
    Folk beliefs of the Bai are diversified in Heqing County where Buddhism, Christianity and Catholicism coexist legally with folk beliefs such as worship of common village ancestors and Emperor Wenchang. For the Bai, the most influential are Buddhism and the worship of their own village ancestors, which is the core of the local folk belief. Into the fabric of their ancestor worship are woven numerous Buddhist elements, which, in addition to the diversified ancestor characters, makes the local beliefs even more complicated and diversified. Venues for worship include Buddhist temples and churches approved by the government as well as ancestor temples, Emperor Wenchang’s Palaces, mountain god temples and other places built by the folk themselves, where the villagers gather to communicate and socialize. Through such gatherings village identification is strengthened, inter-village relationship improved and pressure on villagers released. Such folk belief activities help preserve healthy folk custom, playing a positive role in construction of harmonious society in areas inhabited by minority ethnic groups.
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    Analysis on the Model and Path of Chinese “Intangible Cultural Heritage” Anti-Poverty Projects
    YANG Chengcheng
    2020, 35(2):  47-54. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (1371KB) ( 2 )  
    China’s anti-poverty cause has attracted wide attention and high praise in the world. The Chinese anti-poverty approach has also been affirmed by international organizations and domestic academic circles, but the stubborn disease of poverty has not been cured. As the work progresses, the emergence of new opportunities and new challenges requires strategic innovation of ideas and models. At the same time, the inheritance and protection of Chinese intangible cultural heritage has been vigorously carried out and an organic integration with the anti-poverty cause has been achieved. In the stage of precise poverty alleviation, the emergence of the project Intangible Cultural Heritage Anti-Poverty not only enables China to successfully transform and innovatively develop the intangible cultural heritage of the poverty-stricken areas, but has also opened up a new path for the Chinese anti-poverty cause. Through the analysis of the typical “Intangible Cultural Heritage Anti-Poverty” projects, this paper explores the main mode and path of this great cause.
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    Literary Studies
    The Text Development Trajectory of Chinese Network Literature
    LI Haiping
    2020, 35(2):  55-58. 
    Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (346KB) ( 5 )  
    For the last 20 years since the emergence of Chinese network literature, text expression has experienced a number of stages – from the early rebellious and idealistic youth stories and the type and model business writing under the market track to the diversified and high-quality creation pursuit – and has been constantly attempting to break through, innovate and realize various possibilities. Network literature has become an indispensable form of cultural resources for the young generation, playing a unique role in the current pattern of Chinese literature.
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    On the Left-wing Tendency of the Neo-sensationalist Writers
    WANG Xiao
    2020, 35(2):  59-64. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (413KB) ( 3 )  
    The expression of the school of new-feeling novels in the history of literature is based on the modern quality of their creation. To some extent, the deep excavation of the modernist techniques in the text also covered up the truth of the historical scene. To restore the historical scene, the neo-sensationalists, faced with the tendency that the left-wing discourse resources occupy the main trend of the times, spare no effort to pursue the cutting-edge literature because of the principle of literary and artistic freedom. In their creation, both the left-leaning realism factor and the feeling-oriented modernism factor are present. The rise and fall of the left-wing tendency is not a picture in the sense of a single literary history, but also the spiritual trend and literary end-result of the literati behind the transition from the enlightenment-type individual discourse to the revolutionary-type collective discourse.
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    Chinese Poebics
    A Comparative Study of the Poems about Tragic Marriages of Wu Xiao and Sun Yunfeng
    JIN Haoyue, LUO Xinquan
    2020, 35(2):  65-71. 
    Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (595KB) ( 19 )  
    Wu Xiao and Sun Yunfeng were lucky in terms of poetic talent but unlucky in terms of marriage. Wu Xiao’s love for her husband died soon after marriage because the latter turned out to be a philanderer. She left home and had a 4-year-long extramarital relation with Tao Jishi that again ended in misery due to various reasons. Sun Yunfeng’s love for her husband died as quickly after she found the latter a person of mediocrity. She was unilaterally divorced and had to return to the home of her parents where she lived till the end of her life. Into words both talented women poets poured their miserable sentiments, but in different styles. While Wu Xiao used ample literary illusions to contrast her sad married life with fiery extramarital love, Sun Yunfeng concentrated on her gloomy days as a discarded woman in more euphemistic lines.
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    “Bystanders” in the South- On Zhong Ming’s Idea of Contemporary Poetics
    WU Hao
    2020, 35(2):  72-77. 
    Abstract ( 12 )  
    Zhong Ming, a poet, often calls himself the “bystander” of the times in his poetics, but this “bystander” is not the bystander of the times, but the one who understands the times and keeps a distance from the times, protesting against the “strong man era” of poetry. From the perspective of poetic language, Zhong Ming resisted the “familiar words” since the “today school”, hoping that the poetic language could fully express the poet's personality and avoid falling into the mire of technology and power. In addition, Zhong Ming is an advocator of the concept of “Southern poetry”. However, from his expression of “northern poetry” and “Southern poetry”, he tries to reconstruct a set of poetic discourse order through his own discussion, indicating that he still can't get out of the whirlpool of the times.
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    Linguistics Research
    The Creation of Ci in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the Text Construction of Noun Arrangement
    WU Liquan
    2020, 35(2):  78-85. 
    Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (626KB) ( 11 )  
    As the continuation of ci in the Tang Dynasty (618-907), ci in the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) inherited the structural pattern of the Tang ci and made its own innovation in the construction of noun-arrangement text. But comparatively speaking, the structural pattern of noun arrangement in that period innovated more than inherited from the Tang ci. Although the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was characterized by a short history and social turmoil, ci writers in that period was full of vigour. As a matter of fact, the representative ci writers achieved no less than those in the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties (960-1279) in the least, a phenomenon best demonstrated by its structural pattern of noun arrangement.
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    An Analysis of the Phonetic Teaching of Short Cut to Western Mandarin: First Hundred Steps (Romanized) from the Perspective of International Chinese Textbooks
    WANG Peimin
    2020, 35(2):  86-93. 
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (931KB) ( 7 )  
    Short Cut to Western Mandarin: First Hundred Steps (Romanized) is a textbook for oral Southwest Mandarin, written by Norwegian missionary Edward Amundsen (1873-1928). Compiled and published in Kunming in 1910, it was one of the few textbooks of Southwest Mandarin in the 20th century. From the perspective of international Chinese teaching materials, this paper focuses on the analysis of the phonetic arrangement of the book, summarizing the author's ideas of phonetic compilation and teaching. It demonstrates that the dialect foundation of this teaching material is not Yunnan dialect as previously believed.
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    Ehnology Studies
    Summary of 70 Years’ Achievements in Yi Studies in Guizhou Province
    YANG Juan, LIU Yun
    2020, 35(2):  94-99. 
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (472KB) ( 3 )  
    Yi studies is a comprehensive academic discipline on the Yi ethnic group. Great achievements in all aspects have been attained in the past seven decades since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. It is necessary to organize and summarize these achievements in the New Era to ensure sustained future development of Yi studies.
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    On the Historical Background of the Rise of the Fengs and Nas Chieftain Families in Wuding County
    QI Jianhua
    2020, 35(2):  100-105. 
    Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (452KB) ( 3 )  
    Situated between Kunming and Chengdu, Wuding County, Yunnan Province has been a transportation hub in north Yunnan ever since the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). Culturally speaking, it is located in the buffer area between the Yi and the Han cultures. Politically, administration of the heartland dynasties could reach it, but just hardly, thus its influence here was only indirect. In terms of transport, it is neither easily accessible nor completely isolated. The Luowu Tribe of the Yi people originated around the Dahei Mountain, Fawo Township, Wuding County. In the late years of Nanzhao Kingdom (738-902), it became a powerful local influence together with other “36 eastern barbarian tribes” and its sovereign was officially recognized by the Dali Kingdom (937-1253) during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty (1174-1189). In 1381, Shang Sheng, a tuguan or local administrator pledged allegiance to the Ming Dynasty, surrendering his official seal, and was officially established by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang as the local governor with both civil and military titles. In 1488, his descendants were given an imperial surname – the Fengs – by the Ming Emperor. The Nas were another story. The transformation from local chieftains to circulating governors of this comparatively minor family represented continuation of the restriction policy of the heartland dynasties.
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    Study on Immigration of Minority Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Culture Preservation- A Case Study of Immigration of the Yi Ethnic Group of Yunqiao, Konggang, Kunming
    ZHOU Hong
    2020, 35(2):  106-110. 
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (441KB) ( 9 )  
    The first residents of the Yi community of Yunqiao, Konggang, Kunming were Yi immigrants from traditional villages of Luqian County. Changes of location and environment have entailed both tangible changes, such as food, and intangible changes, such as language. Taking as example preservation of ethnic culture of the Yi people in the aforesaid area, this paper contends that the approach for a people to preserve and inherit their own traditional culture is to hold to their own brilliant culture.
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    Education Studies
    On Education of National Unity and Progress in Schools under Multi-dimensional Perspective
    CHU Yuanhui, HUI Jinyu
    2020, 35(2):  111-117. 
    Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (492KB) ( 12 )  
    Education of national unity and progress in schools is an important foundation and realization approach of construction of national unity and progress and, therefore, it is an important education job and political task of schools of all levels and categories in areas inhabited by minority ethnic groups. Research on education of national unity and progress in schools from multi-dimensional perspective based on policy, function, content, method, effect as well as construction and characteristic research of demonstration schools is carried out to grasp the current status, development, future and tendency and, consequently, provide theoretic and practical ground for measures to reinforce and improve education of national unity and progress in schools.
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    Reflections on the School of Pre-School Education in Its Early Days- A Case Study of School of Pre-school Education, Chuxiong Normal University
    MA Rubiao
    2020, 35(2):  118-122. 
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (439KB) ( 27 )  
    Education is a life-long business and at its beginning lies pre-school education. It is an important part of our national education system and thus the 19th Congress of the CPC made a strategic program to do a great job about it to make sure that all children have access to pre-school education. To answer to the pre-school education reform call of the State, Chuxiong Normal University founded its own school of pre-school education to do a solid job about imparting moral principles, cultivating talents, improving pre-school education policy guarantee system, adopting strict management, applying better teaching monitoring, strengthening university-kindergarten interaction, improving nursing and teaching standards and highlighting pre-school education characteristics so as to meet the requirements of people on pre-school education.
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    Research on Nested Type Instructional Design Model for Blended Learning
    TAN Xiao, LIU Rui
    2020, 35(2):  123-129. 
    Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (927KB) ( 3 )  
    By introducing the research status of instructional design model, blended learning, and MOOC, this paper constructs a nested type instructional design model oriented to blended learning from the perspective of essentials of instructional design. Based on this, this paper, taking the course “Design and Production of Multimedia Courseware” as an example, carries on the actual instructional design and verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of this model through the specific teaching implementation and course evaluation. This research can possibly provide reference for the design of blended learning based on MOOC for college teachers.
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    Analysis of the Equal Opportunity of Education in Classroom Teaching
    KONG Luping, QIAN Chunfu
    2020, 35(2):  130-134. 
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (379KB) ( 5 )  
    Classroom is an important position to ensure fairness of the educational process. It is of great significance to promote equal opportunities in education in the classroom teaching to promote fair development of education. However, aspects of unequal educational opportunities still exist in the current classroom teaching, such as seat arrangement, classroom questions and teacher counseling that are reflected in achievements, gender, class and human factors of the students. The problem of unequal educational opportunities and the deeper formation mechanism of these problems are mainly due to the two dimensions of the teacher – subjective restrictions and objective conditions. To reduce and eliminate educational opportunity inequality in classroom teaching, it is necessary to strengthen the professional development of the teachers, improve the conditions of teaching resources, strengthen the construction of campus information, promote small-class teaching and scientifically use the teachers’ expectations.
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    Research on the Design of Digital Teaching Resources for Famous Works Reading Based on the Moso Teach- Taking the Construction of Digital Resources in Journey to the West as an Example
    ZHAO Jingjing, HUANG Caibin
    2020, 35(2):  135-139. 
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1107KB) ( 15 )  
    As a new interactive teaching mode in the mobile environment, Moso teach has realized the real-time teacher-student and student-student interaction and can effectively make up the lack of real-time interaction in traditional classroom teaching. Compared with other online teaching platforms, Moso teach emphasizes classroom construction based on learning perspective, and can ignite the enthusiasm of both the teachers and the students because it is convenient, speedy, easy to use and easy for class management. Taking Journey to the West as an example, this paper explores construction of digital teaching resources for junior school students based on Moso teach in order to provide reference for the class teaching reform of reading of famous works and improve the interest and effectiveness of the students' reading.
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    Calligraphy Studies
    The Postscripts of the Pushuting’s Rubbings by Zhu Yizun and the Academic Trend of Inscription Research in the Early Qing Dynasty
    LIU Yagang
    2020, 35(2):  140-150. 
    Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (947KB) ( 5 )  
    Zhu Yizun advocated the academic concept that the ancient Chinese histories could be researched with the inscriptions. He was active to find some inscriptions which had never been noticed by scholars before. He made rubbings of them and recorded the process and his thinking in The Postscripts of the Pushuting’s Rubbings. This paper contends that some concepts and methods of Zhu Yizun have become a general trend in the early Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).
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    On Classical Construction and Social Recognition of Beixue in the Qing Dynasty
    ZHANG Hongjun
    2020, 35(2):  151-156. 
    Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (562KB) ( 3 )  
    Beixue, or the studies of steles, was an artistic change in the aesthetic anxiety in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). From the imperial court to the secular world, the positions and reactions of different social groups were obviously different. It was a natural move for beixue to break through the barriers to construct new patterns. In order to achieve this change, beixue researchers represented by Kang Youwei made fruitful efforts. However, the traditional literati inevitably produced an aesthetic anxiety. This discipline, first riduculed at and rejected, gradually came to be appreciated and followed before eventually promoting a style shift in the world change. The study of the inscription changed the narrative pattern of art history in the change of the world, established the status of its own classics at the same time, and placed the various manifestations of the Qing Dynasty writers in the specific historical changes of this artistic style, many artistic phenomena and books. The choice of calligrapher is easy to understand.
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    On Theoretical Course Setting of Undergraduate Calligraphy Education
    LIU Xingzhen
    2020, 35(2):  157-160. 
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (284KB) ( 11 )  
    In undergraduate calligraphy education, theory and technique are the two key points of teaching. However, the phenomenon that the students attach importance to techniques rather than theory is widespread. As a result, sound development of calligraphy discipline will be inevitably affected. The prospect is worrying in the long run. Based on this phenomenon, this paper analyzes the quality of the students, the way of art examination, the recognition of theoretical courses, the course setting, the proportion of teachers and so on, trying to find the root of the problems and to put forward some feasible countermeasures for these problems.
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